Arab history

The history of the Arabs begins in the middle of the ninth century BC and is the first known testimony of the ancient Arabic language. It appears that the Arabs were under the control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and were present in areas from Mauritania to the Arabian Peninsula. The Arab tribes, most notably the Ghassanids and the Manathira, began to appear in the southern Syrian desert. Before the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), the Arabs settled to a large extent in the Arabian Peninsula, the Syrian desert, and Mesopotamia. Arabs are referred to as the people whose regions of origin constitute the Arab world due to the spread of Arabs and the Arabic language throughout the region during the early Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries. The areas of Arab presence expanded during the period of the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) and the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258), which reached at its greatest extent to the south of the borders of France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north, and Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In the early twentieth century, World War I marked the end of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled most of the Arab world since the conquest of the Mamluk state in 1517. This led to the empire's defeat and dissolution, the division of its lands, and the formation of the modern Arab states. After the adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the League of Arab States was established on March 22, 1945. The Charter of the League of Arab States recognized the principle of the Arab world, while respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states.